{"id":8135,"date":"2025-03-13T19:51:39","date_gmt":"2025-03-13T19:51:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/?page_id=8135"},"modified":"2025-06-10T20:38:20","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T20:38:20","slug":"primary-sources","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/primary-sources\/","title":{"rendered":"PRIMARY SOURCES"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling mobmarg\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-margin-bottom:25px;--awb-margin-top-small:5px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:45;line-height:1;\">PRIMARY SOURCES<\/h1><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p>Primary Sources are vital for the study of garden and landscape history. The sources below are linked either to images in the database or to the historical documentation portion of the website.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:24px;--awb-content-font-size:18px;--awb-content-line-height:1.3;--awb-icon-alignment:right;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#cccccc;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-divider-hover-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-icon-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-title-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-content-color:#000000;--awb-icon-box-color:var(--awb-custom_color_1);--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:var(--awb-color2);--awb-toggle-active-accent-color:var(--awb-color3);--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Akkurat-Bold&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:400;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:24px;--awb-title-line-height:24px;--awb-title-text-transform:uppercase;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Akkurat-Light&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:400;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-right fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed\" id=\"accordion-8135-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-d967a17a31e79ed87 fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:#000000;--awb-content-color:#000000;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_d967a17a31e79ed87\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"d967a17a31e79ed87\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-8135-1\" data-target=\"#d967a17a31e79ed87\" href=\"#d967a17a31e79ed87\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Primary Sources<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"d967a17a31e79ed87\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_d967a17a31e79ed87\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/leon-battista-alberti-on-the-art-of-building-in-ten-books-mid-15th-century\/\">Alberti, Leon Battista. <em>On the Art of Building in Ten Books.<\/em> Transl. Joseph Rykwert, Neil Leach, and Robert Tavernor. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/columella-on-agriculture-second-century-bce\/\">Columella. <em>On Agriculture<\/em>. Transl. Harrison Boyd Ash. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/crescenzi-piero-de-liber-ruralium-commodorum-1305-1309\/\">Crescenzi, Piero de\u2019. \u2018Book 8: On Pleasure Gardens.\u2019Transl. Johanna Bauman. In:<em> \u201cTradition and Transformation: The Pleasure Garden in Piero de\u2019 Crescenzi&#8217;s Liber ruralium commodorum.\u201d Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes<\/em> 22 (Summer 2002): 99-141.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/erasmus-the-godly-feast-1522\/\">Erasmus, Desierius, \u201c The Godly Feast.\u201d <em>The Colloquies of Erasmus<\/em>. Transl. Craig R. Thompson. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1965.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/james-henryfrom-a-roman-note-book-galaxy-16-november-1873-679-86\/\">James, Henry. <em>Italian Hours<\/em>. Edited by John Auchard. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/lipsius-iustus-two-bookes-of-constancie-1584\/\">Lipsius, Iustus. <em>Two Bookes of Constancie<\/em>. Transl. John Stradling. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1939.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/michel-de-montaigne-travel-journal-1580-1581\/\">Montaigne, Michel de. <em>Montaigne\u2019s Travel Journal.<\/em> Transl. Donald M. Frame. San Francisco, CA: North Point Press, 1983.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/palladio-andrea-the-four-books-on-architecture-1570\/\">Palladio, Andrea. <em>The Four Books on Architecture.<\/em> Transl. Robert Tavernor and Richard Schofield. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/varro-marcus-terentius-on-agriculture-first-century-bce\/\">Varro, Marcus Terentius. <em>On Agriculture<\/em>. Transl. William Davis Hooper and revised by Harrison Boyd Ash. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1935.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/vitruvius-the-ten-books-on-architecture-first-century-bce\/\">Vitruvius. <em>The Ten Books on Architecture<\/em>. Transl. Morris Hicky Morgan. New York: Dover Publications, 1960.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-54c10c3f68980b388 fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:#000000;--awb-content-color:#000000;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_54c10c3f68980b388\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"54c10c3f68980b388\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-8135-1\" data-target=\"#54c10c3f68980b388\" href=\"#54c10c3f68980b388\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Rare Books and Archival Materials<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"54c10c3f68980b388\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_54c10c3f68980b388\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Castell%20Robert%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Castell, Robert. <em>The Villas of the Ancients Illustrated<\/em>. London: Printed for the Author, 1728.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Colonna+Francesco&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colonna, Francesco. <em>Hypnerotomachie, ov Discours du Songe de Poliphile<\/em>. Paris: J. Le Blanc for J. Kerver, 1561.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkTitleDescription=De+agricultura+istoriato%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crescenzi, Piero de\u2019. <em>De Agricultura Istoriato.<\/em> Venice, 1504.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkTitleDescription=Opus+ruralium+commodorum&amp;sort=&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crescenzi, Piero de\u2019. <em>Opus ruralium commodorum<\/em>. Speyer: Peter Drach, 1495.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkRepositoryName=New%20York%20NY%20USA%20Pierpont+Morgan+Library%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Crescenzi, Piero de\u2019 and Master of Fitzwilliam MS. 268. <em>Le Livre des Prouffis Champestres et Ruraux<\/em>. Bruges, Belgium, c. 1470.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=dahlberg&amp;sort=&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dahlberg<strong>,<\/strong> Eric. <em>Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna<\/em>. Stockholm, 1691\u20131714 (1726).<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Leonardi+Domenico+Felice%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dal Re, Marc-Antonio and Domenico Felice Leonardi.<em> Le Delizie della Villa di Castellazzo<\/em>. Milano: F. Joseph Maria Felix Ferrarini, 1743.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Dal+Re%20AND%20WorkDateDisplay=1726%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dal Re, Marc-Antonio. <em>Ville di Delizia, o Siano Palaggi Campareccinello Stato di Milano<\/em>. Milano: Nella Contrada di Santa Margherita, all\u2019 insegna dell\u2019 Aquila Imperiale, 1726.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Della+Bella+stefano&amp;sort=&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">della Bella, Stefano. <em>Six views of the Villa Medici at Pratolino<\/em>. 1651\u20131653.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkTitleDescription=Treatise%20Theory%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Downing, Andrew Jackson. <em>A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America<\/em>. New York, NY: A.O. Moore, 1856.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=falda%20AND%20WorkRepositoryName=New%20OR%20York%20OR%20NY%20OR%20USA%20OR%20Private%20OR%20Collection%20OR%20New%20OR%20York%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Falda, Giovanni Battista. <em>Le Fontane di Roma, nelle piazze, e luoghi publici della citta, con li loro prospetti, come sono al presente. Libro Primo<\/em>. Roma: Gio. Giacomo de Rossi, 1691.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=falda%20AND%20WorkRepositoryName=New%20OR%20York%20OR%20NY%20OR%20USA%20OR%20Private%20OR%20Collection%20OR%20New%20OR%20York%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Falda, Gio. Battista.<em> Le Fontane delle Ville di Frascati, Nel Tusculano, con li loro prospetti. Parte Seconda<\/em>. Roma: Gio. Giacomo de Rossi, [n.d].<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search\/who\/F%C3%A9libien,%20Andr%C3%A9,%20sieur%20des%20Avaux%20et%20de%20Javersy?q=WorkDateDisplay=1706%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">F\u00e9libien, Andr\u00e9, sieur des Avaux de Javercy. <em>Les Plans et les Descriptions de Deux des Plus Belles Maisons de Campagne de Pline le Consul<\/em>. Amsterdam: Aux d\u00e9pens d&#8217;Estienne Roger, 1706.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Gromort+Georges%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gromort, G. <em>Choix de Plans de Grandes Compositions ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es, pr\u00e9sentant, avec leurs jardins ou leur entourage, une s\u00e9rie d\u2019ensembles de l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9, de la Renaissance et des temps modernes<\/em>. Paris: Auguste Vincent, 1910.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Krubsacius+Friedrich+August&amp;sort=&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Krubascius, F.A. <em>Wahrscheinlicher Entwurf von des j\u00fcngern Plinius Landhause und Garten, Laurens genannt, nach Anzeige seines 17ten Briefes des II. Buchs an den Gallus<\/em>. Leipzig, Gedruckt bey Joh. Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf, 1760.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=colonna%20francesco%20AND%20=new%20OR%20collection%20OR%20of%20OR%20fountains%20OR%20found%20OR%20in%20OR%20the%20OR%20divine%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maggi, Giovanni, Francesco Corduba and Dominique Barri\u00e8re. <em>All&#8217; illmo sig. Andrea Corsini marchese di Sismano Casigliano e civitella Nuova racolta di fontane che si vedano nel alma citta di Roma, Tivoli e Frascati<\/em>. [Rome]: Gio. Jacomo Rossi, [ca. 1650].<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Percier+Charles&amp;sort=&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Percier, Charles and Fontaine, Pierre Fran\u00e7ois L\u00e9onard. <em>Choix des Plus C\u00e9l\u00e8bres Maisons de Plaisance de Rome et de ses Environs<\/em>. Paris: Impr. P. Didot l&#8217;ain\u00e9, 1809.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Perelle+Gabriel&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Perelle, Gabriel, Adam and Nicholas. <em>Recueil de Veues des Plus Beaux Lieux de France<\/em>. [Paris: Chez Nicolas Langlois, 1688].<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Piranesi, Giambattista. <em>Pianta delle Fabbriche Esistenti nelle Villa Adriana<\/em>. Rome: Published posthumously by Francesco Piranesi, 1781.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Shepherd+John+C.&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shepherd, J.C. and G.A. Jellicoe. <em>Italian Gardens of the Renaissance<\/em>. New York: Scribner\u2019s, 1925.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Triggs+H.+Inigo&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Triggs, H. Indigo. <em>The Art of Garden Design in Italy<\/em>. London: Longmans, Green, &amp; Co., 1906.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Vasi+Giuseppe&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vasi, Giuseppi. <em>Suite of Five double-page plates from Giorgio Gasparo de Prinner, Caprarola. <\/em>Rome: Zuccari, 1748.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Venturini%20AND%20ReproSubjectDescription=Rome%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Venturini, Gio. Francesco. Le Fontane ne\u2019 Palazzi E ne\u2019 Giardini di Roma, con li loro prospetti et ornamenti. Roma: Gio. Giacomo de Rossi, n.d.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=WorkCreatorDisplayName=Venturini+AND+ReproSubjectDescription=tivoli&amp;sort=&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Venturini, Gio. Francesco.<em> Le Fontane del Giardino Estense in Tivoli, con li loro prospetti, e Vedute della Cascata del Fiume Aniene<\/em>. Roma: Gio. Giacomo de Rossi, [n.d].<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=Rubeis&amp;search=Search\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Villa Pamphilia. <em>Villa Pamphilia eiusque Palatium cum Prospectibus<\/em>. Roma: Jo. Jacobus de Rubeis, [1665].<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8135","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8135","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8135"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8135\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8955,"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8135\/revisions\/8955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8135"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}