{"id":7775,"date":"2025-02-27T20:10:25","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T20:10:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/?page_id=7775"},"modified":"2025-06-10T20:45:27","modified_gmt":"2025-06-10T20:45:27","slug":"featured-sites","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/featured-sites\/","title":{"rendered":"FEATURED SITES"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:20px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:20px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-margin-top:30px;--awb-margin-bottom:30px;--awb-background-color:var(--awb-color1);--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-margin-bottom:20px;--awb-margin-top-small:5px;--awb-margin-right-small:0px;--awb-margin-bottom-small:10px;--awb-margin-left-small:0px;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-left fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" style=\"margin:0;--fontSize:45;line-height:1;\">FEATURED SITES<\/h1><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p class=\"large\"><strong>Featured sites have been selected by the Catena project team based on the amount of literature and the number of image resources available to the project. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Each featured site is explicated by means of an interpretive text, historical documentation, and a short bibliography. This core set of resources will function as a starting point for instructors wishing to teach a class or segment on a particular landscape site, but may also be used by students working on directed research projects.<\/p>\n<\/div><style type=\"text\/css\">.fusion-faqs-wrapper #accordian-1 .fusion-panel { border-color:var(--awb-color3); }.fusion-faqs-wrapper #accordian-1 .fusion-panel:hover{ border-color: #3e4424; }.fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box:before{ font-size: 34px;width: 34px;}.fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a .fa-fusion-box{ color: var(--awb-color3);}.fusion-accordian #accordian-1.fusion-toggle-icon-right .fusion-toggle-heading{ margin-right: 52px;}.fusion-accordian  #accordian-1 .panel-title a{font-size:24px;line-height:24px;font-family:\"Akkurat-Bold\";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;}.fusion-accordian  #accordian-1 .panel-title a:not(:hover){}.fusion-accordian  #accordian-1 .toggle-content{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3;font-family:\"Akkurat-Light\";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;}.fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a:hover,.fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a.hover { color: var(--awb-color2);}.fusion-faq-shortcode .fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .fusion-toggle-boxed-mode:hover .panel-title a { color: var(--awb-color2);}.fusion-accordian #accordian-1.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .panel-title a:hover .fa-fusion-box,.fusion-accordian #accordian-1.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .panel-title a.hover .fa-fusion-box { color: var(--awb-color2); }.fusion-faqs-wrapper .fusion-accordian #accordian-1 .panel-title a.active{ color: var(--awb-color3) !important;}.fusion-faqs-wrapper .fusion-accordian  #accordian-1.fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed .fusion-panel .panel-title a.active .fa-fusion-box{ color: var(--awb-color3) !important;}.fusion-faqs-wrapper .fusion-accordian  #accordian-1 .fusion-panel {padding-top: 5px;padding-bottom: 5px;}<\/style><div class=\"fusion-faq-shortcode\" style=\"\"><div class=\"fusion-faqs-wrapper\"><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\"><div class=\"panel-group  fusion-toggle-icon-right fusion-toggle-icon-unboxed\" id=\"accordian-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7777 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Hadrian\u2019s Villa<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:50:16+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7777\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7777\" href=\"#collapse-1-7777\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Hadrian\u2019s Villa<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7777\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7777\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background hundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-flex-start\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~3224~100061:Scenic-canal?qvq=q:ReproSubjectDescription%3Dhadrian%20;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=4&amp;trs=105\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Hadrian&#8217;s Villa\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"497\" alt=\"Roman ruins at Hadrian&#039;s Villa with stone columns and statues reflected in a pond, with trees and old masonry buildings in the background under a clear blue sky.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Hadrians-Villa.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Hadrians-Villa-600x497.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7853\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Hadrians-Villa-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Hadrians-Villa-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Hadrians-Villa-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Hadrians-Villa-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Hadrians-Villa.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-1 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=ReproSubjectDescription=hadrian+LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;pgs=50&amp;res=0&amp;cic=BardBar~1~1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-2 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/hadrians-villa-interpretive-text\/\">Interpretive Text<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-3 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"blackcaps\">HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION<\/span><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-4 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/pliny-the-younger-letter-on-the-laurentian-villa-first-century\/\">Pliny, <em>Letter on the Laurentian Villa<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-5 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/pliny-the-younger-letters-on-the-tuscan-villa-first-century\/\">Pliny, <em>Letters on the Tuscan Villa<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-6 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/vitruvius-the-ten-books-on-architecture-first-century-bce\/\">Vitruvius, <em>Ten Books on Architecture<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-text-font-family:&quot;Akkurat-Light&quot;;--awb-text-font-style:normal;--awb-text-font-weight:400;\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> 76\u2013138<br \/>\n<strong>Patron:<\/strong> Hadrian, Emperor of Rome , 76\u2013138<br \/>\n<strong>Designer<\/strong>: Unknown<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe \u2014 Italy \u2014 Lazio \u2014 Tivoli<\/p>\n<p>Hadrian\u2019s Villa is a large Roman villa built by the emperor Hadrian between 118 and 136 CE in the valley below Tivoli located about 20 miles from Rome. The villa was Hadrian\u2019s preferred residence when he was in Rome. His choice of an imperial palace outside Rome, instead of one of the several palaces in Rome, was probably influenced by the miserable relations he had with the senate and the local Roman aristocracy. The villa covered an area of close to 300 hectares (c. 750 acres), of which much is still unexcavated. The complex of more than 30 buildings contained sumptuously decorated and landscaped open porticoes, closed peristyles, a bathing complex, a hippodrome, a theater, libraries, and apartments for guests or soldiers. It has been surmised that in constructing this sprawling complex, Hadrian was assembling in one place a summation of the varied landscapes and monuments the Roman Empire contained. Since the sixteenth century, the villa has been the site of extensive archeological investigation and excavation. Of great significance in the sixteenth century was the plundering of sculpture from the villa, much of which was placed in such famous gardens as the Cortile Belvedere in the Vatican Palace and the nearby Villa d\u2019Este in Tivoli.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7785 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Piero de\u2019 Crescenzi and the Medieval Villa<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:50:23+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7785\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7785\" href=\"#collapse-1-7785\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Piero de\u2019 Crescenzi and the Medieval Villa<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7785\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7785\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-right:-120px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~7058~101678:De-agricultura-istoriato?qvq=q:crescenzi;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=41&amp;trs=62\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Piero de\u2019 Crescenzi and the Medieval Villa\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"497\" alt=\"A woodcut of a walled estate with a central building, a tall tower, trees, and horses in the yard.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Piero.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Piero-600x497.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7861\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Piero-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Piero-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Piero-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Piero-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Piero.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-7 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=crescenzi&amp;search=Search','RedirectorLaunch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-8 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/piero-de-crescenzi-and-the-medieval-villa-interpretive-text\/\">Interpretive Text<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-9 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"blackcaps\">HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION<\/span><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-10 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/crescenzi-piero-de-liber-ruralium-commodorum-1305-1309\/\">Crescenzi, <em>Liber ruralium commodorum<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-11 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/varro-marcus-terentius-on-agriculture-first-century-bce\/\">Varro,<em> On Agriculture<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-12 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/columella-on-agriculture-second-century-bce\/\">Columella, <em>On Agriculture<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> c. 1304\u20131309<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe \u2014 Italy \u2014<span class=\"page\"> Emilia-Romagna<\/span> \u2014 Bologna<\/p>\n<p>Piero de\u2019Crescenzi\u2019s twelve book treatise, the <em>Liber ruralium commodorum<\/em>, which can be roughly translated as <em>On the Rural Arts<\/em>, is the only major work on agriculture produced in the middle ages. Covering all aspects of agriculture, from soils and sowing to animal husbandry and hunting, Crescenzi relied heavily on the Roman agricultural tradtion, although he supplemented this with more recent developments in the natural sciences and medicine, exemplified by such thinkers as Albertus Magnus and the Avicenna (or Ibn-Sina). While not a work about villas per se, Crescenzi\u2019s treatise lays the practical groundwork for building, managing, and maintaining an agricultural estate and even deviates from its Roman prototypes by with an entire book of his treatise to pleasure gardens, which can be related to the later development of villa gardens in the Renaissance. By the late fifteenth century, moreover, this treatise was widely available in manuscript and print editions and was owned by many of the early patrons of the lavish villas around Rome, Florence, and Venice. The treatise remained one of the most popular works of its kind until the seventeenth century when the Aristotelian precepts on which it was based were supplanted by the empirical methods of the new developments in science.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7807 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Villa d\u2019Este<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:50:29+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7807\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7807\" href=\"#collapse-1-7807\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Villa d\u2019Este<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7807\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7807\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-3 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~5729~101148:-Garden-and-palace-near-the-villa-o?qvq=q:Villa%20D%27este;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=115&amp;trs=167\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Villa d&#8217;Este\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" alt=\"An illustrated aerial view of a large building surrounded by gardens with trees, geometric pathways, a central fountain, and terraced landscaping extending to hillside buildings.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-dEste.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-dEste-400x331.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7950\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-dEste-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-dEste-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-dEste-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-dEste-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-dEste.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-13 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?search=Submit&amp;cat=0&amp;q=Villa+D%27este&amp;dateRangeStart=&amp;dateRangeEnd=&amp;sort=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-14 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"blackcaps\">HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION<\/span><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-15 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/michel-de-montaigne-travel-journal-1580-1581\/\">Montaigne,<em>Travel Journal<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-16 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/james-henry-a-few-other-roman-neighborhoods-italian-hours-university-park-pa-penn-state-university-press-1992-originally-written-in-1909\/\">James, &#8220;Other Roman Neighborhoods&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> 1560\u20131675<br \/>\n<strong>Patron:<\/strong> Ippolito D\u2019Este II, 1509\u20131572<br \/>\n<strong>Designer<\/strong>: Pirro Ligorio, 1500\u20131583<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe \u2014 Italy \u2014 Lazio \u2014 Tivoli<\/p>\n<p>The Villa d\u2019Este lies on the western slope of the town of Tivoli with southeastern views towards Rome, which lies twenty miles distant, and northwestern views toward the Sabine Hills. His papal ambitions thwarted, the Cardinal Ipplito d\u2019Este (1509\u201317) undertook the renovation of the existing palace and the construction of the gardens between 1560 and 1575 working with the architect and archeologist Pirro Ligorio (c. 1500\u201383). The design of this Renaissance villa was influenced by nearby Hadrian\u2019s Villa, where Ligorio had been involved in the excavation, as well as the terraces of the Temple of Fortuna at Praeneste. The Villa d\u2019Este is best known for its fountains and lavish water displays fed by an aqueduct from the distant Monte Sant\u2019Angelo and a conduit diverting water from the nearby River Aniene. During its heyday the villa was visited and described by the writer Michel de Montaigne (1533\u201392). By the eighteenth century the grounds and structures had fallen into disrepair, making it a perfect subject for the likes of Hubert Robert (1733\u20131808) and Jean-Honor Fragonard (1732\u20131806) whose romanticized images of the villa and its gardens helped to shape the enduring image of the villa.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7808 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Villa Medici, Rome<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:50:36+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7808\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7808\" href=\"#collapse-1-7808\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Villa Medici, Rome<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7808\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7808\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-4 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~4727~100687:Garden-facade?qvq=q:ReproSubjectDescription%3DVilla%20Medici%20AND%20ReproSubjectDescription%3DRome%20;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=10&amp;trs=79\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Villa Medici, Rome\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" alt=\"A grand symmetrical building with two towers stands behind a formal garden with geometric hedges and a central obelisk, overlooking a cityscape.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/villa-medici.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/villa-medici-400x331.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7917\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/villa-medici-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/villa-medici-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/villa-medici-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/villa-medici-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/villa-medici.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-17 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=ReproSubjectDescription=Villa%20Medici%20AND%20ReproSubjectDescription=Rome%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-18 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"blackcaps\">HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION<\/span><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-19 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/james-henryfrom-a-roman-note-book-galaxy-16-november-1873-679-86\/\">James, \u201cFrom a Roman Note-Book\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> 1564\u20131587<br \/>\n<strong>Patrons:<\/strong> Ricci, Giovanni, 1497\u20131564;<br \/>\nMedici, Ferdinand I de\u2019, 1549\u20131609<br \/>\n<strong>Designers<\/strong>: Ammannati, Bartolommeo, 1511\u20131592;<br \/>\nNanni di Baccio Bigio, d.c. 1568; garden facade Probably by Giacomo Della Porta (Italian, 1532 -1602 )<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe \u2014 Italy \u2014 Lazio \u2014 Rome<\/p>\n<p>The Villa Medici, Rome is located on the Pincian Hill at the top of the Spanish Steps. Since the end of the Roman Republic the Pincian Hill has been famous for its ornamental gardens. The villa occupies part of the site that once boasted the gardens of Lucullus and later the Acilii. In 1543, Cardinal Crescenzi purchased the villa, during which time it consisted mostly of vineyards. In 1564, his heirs sold the villa to Cardinal Giovanni Ricci di Montpulciano who did much to develop the gardens and increase the water supply. He hired Nanni di Baccio Bigio, to carry out the major portion of this project until Ricci\u2019s death in 1568, at which time it is probable (though not documented) that Nanni&#8217;s son Annibale Lippi completed the work by 1569. Cardinal Ferdinando de Medici bought the villa in 1576, turning it into one of the most lavish villa in Rome with the assistance of his architect Bartolomeo Ammannati. In keeping with its more public function, the front of the villa is very formal and has often been compared to a fortress. The garden facade of the villa, however, is much less formal and highly ornamented and may have been redesigned by Giacomo della Porta to accommodate the sculpture collection purchased by Medici in 1578. The French purchased the villa directly from the Tuscan state in 1801 and it has been home to the French Academy since 1803.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7811 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Villa Borghese<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:50:43+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7811\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7811\" href=\"#collapse-1-7811\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Villa Borghese<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7811\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7811\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-5 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~3932~100351:Flower-garden?qvq=q:ReproSubjectDescription%3DVilla%20Borghese%20;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=82&amp;trs=122\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Villa Borghese\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" alt=\"A symmetrical geometric garden with flower beds, paths, and a central fountain. A wrought-iron and stone fence separates the garden from a tree lined path at the left, and an ornate building with large windows and sculputral elements stands at the end of the garden.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Borghese.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Borghese-400x331.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7953\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Borghese-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Borghese-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Borghese-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Borghese-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Borghese.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-20 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=ReproSubjectDescription=Villa+Borghese+LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;pgs=50&amp;res=0&amp;cic=BardBar~1~1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-21 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/villa-borghese-interpretive-text\/\">Interpretive Text<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-22 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"blackcaps\">HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION<\/span><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-23 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/erasmus-the-godly-feast-1522\/\">Erasmus, <em>The Godly Feast<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> 1610\u20131744<br \/>\n<strong>Patron:<\/strong> Zanobi Lapi, d. 1619<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe \u2014 Italy \u2014 Tuscany \u2014 Settignano (Florence)<\/p>\n<p>The designer of the Villa Gamberaia at Settignano (near Florence) has not been identified, but it is known that the villa building was begun in 1610 for Zanobi Lapi whose nephews and heirs first laid out the gardens between 1624 and 1635. During the eighteenth century the Capponi family made various improvements in the grounds, embellishing them with statuary and fountains. The Villa Gamberaia exemplifies Tuscan villas of the era in which a close association existed between the garden and its agricultural surroundings and which retained such conservative features as limonaias (lemon gardens), all\u00e9es, ilex groves, terracotta figures, sculptured hedges, and pebble mosaic walks. The parterre was artfully \u201crestored\u201d in the twentieth century, although historical accuracy yielded to new, and changing, contemporary tastes in the use of water, choice of plantings, and creation of abstract geometries.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7813 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Villa Gamberaia<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:50:49+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7813\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7813\" href=\"#collapse-1-7813\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Villa Gamberaia<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7813\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7813\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-6 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-6 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~4704~100678:Water-parterre?qvq=q:ReproSubjectDescription%3DVilla%20Gamberaia%20;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=22&amp;trs=71\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Villa Gamberaia\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" alt=\"A neatly manicured garden with sculpted hedges, rose bushes, and cherub statues, in front of a two-story villa with a red tile roof under a clear blue sky.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Gamberaia.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Gamberaia-400x331.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7956\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Gamberaia-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Gamberaia-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Gamberaia-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Gamberaia-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Gamberaia.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-24 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=ReproSubjectDescription=Villa%20Gamberaia%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-25 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/villa-gamberaia-settignano-florence-interpretive-text\/\">Interpretive Text<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-26 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"blackcaps\">HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION<\/span><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-27 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/erasmus-the-godly-feast-1522\/\">Erasmus, <em>The Godly Feast<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> 1610\u20131744<br \/>\n<strong>Patron:<\/strong> Zanobi Lapi, d. 1619<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe \u2014 Italy \u2014 Tuscany \u2014 Settignano (Florence)<\/p>\n<p>The designer of the Villa Gamberaia at Settignano (near Florence) has not been identified, but it is known that the villa building was begun in 1610 for Zanobi Lapi whose nephews and heirs first laid out the gardens between 1624 and 1635. During the eighteenth century the Capponi family made various improvements in the grounds, embellishing them with statuary and fountains. The Villa Gamberaia exemplifies Tuscan villas of the era in which a close association existed between the garden and its agricultural surroundings and which retained such conservative features as limonaias (lemon gardens), all\u00e9es, ilex groves, terracotta figures, sculptured hedges, and pebble mosaic walks. The parterre was artfully \u201crestored\u201d in the twentieth century, although historical accuracy yielded to new, and changing, contemporary tastes in the use of water, choice of plantings, and creation of abstract geometries.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7815 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Isola Bella<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:50:55+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7815\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7815\" href=\"#collapse-1-7815\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Isola Bella<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7815\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7815\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-7 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~4880~100760:Water-theater?qvq=q:Isola%20Bella;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=30&amp;trs=31\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Isola Bella\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" alt=\"An ornate structure with columns, statues, and spires stands at the top of wide stone steps. Figures climb the steps and stand in front of the structure.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Isola-Bella.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Isola-Bella-400x331.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7958\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Isola-Bella-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Isola-Bella-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Isola-Bella-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Isola-Bella-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Isola-Bella.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-28 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?search=Submit&amp;cat=0&amp;q=Isola+Bella&amp;dateRangeStart=&amp;dateRangeEnd=&amp;sort=\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-29 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(234,230,213,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(234,230,213,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> 1630<br \/>\n<strong>Patron:<\/strong> Carlo Borromeo, 1586\u20131652; Giberto Borromeo, 1615\u20131672; Vitaliano Borromeo, 1620\u20131690<br \/>\n<strong>Designer<\/strong>: Antonio Crivelli; Carlo Fontana, 1634\u20131714<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe \u2014 Italy \u2014 Piemonte \u2014 Lake Maggiore (Stresa)<\/p>\n<p>The fantastic island villa of Isola Bella was begun in 1630 and completed in 1670 for its patron, Count Carlo Borromeo, who had the garden built in honor of his wife, Isabella, after whom the villa is named. One of the most magnificent aspects of this early Baroque Lombard villa designed by the architects Francesco Castelli, Filippo Cagnola, and Carlo Fontana is its setting in the Borromeo Gulf off of Lake Maggiore with views of the Alps in the distance. The shape of the island evokes the form of a large galleon and the layout of the parterre gardens and the non-axial relationship of the house to the gardens is dictated largely by natural rock formations. Located on the penultimate terrace of the villa is an ornate water theater encrusted with pebbles and decorated with niches in the form of giant scallop shells.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7817 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Frascati Villas<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:51:02+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7817\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7817\" href=\"#collapse-1-7817\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Frascati Villas<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7817\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7817\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-8 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-8 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~4562~100613:-View-and-prospect-of-the-great-wat?qvq=q:ReproSubjectDescription%3Dfrascati%20;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=58&amp;trs=109\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Frascati Villas\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" alt=\"A print of a large symmetrical structure with large archways and niche, with crowds of people in front and trees in the background.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Frascati-Villas.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Frascati-Villas-400x331.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7961\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Frascati-Villas-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Frascati-Villas-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Frascati-Villas-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Frascati-Villas-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Frascati-Villas.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-30 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=ReproSubjectDescription=frascati%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null','RedirectorLaunch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-31 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/frascati-villas-interpretive-text\/\">Interpretive Text<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-32 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"blackcaps\">HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION<\/span><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-33 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/james-henry-roman-neighborhoods-atlantic-monthly-32-december-1873-671-80\/\">James, \u201cRoman Neighborhoods\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> Seventeenth century<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe &#8212; Italy &#8212; Lazio &#8212; Frascati<\/p>\n<p>Frascati, located in the Alban hills of Lazio, has been the site of country villas and the culture of villegiatura since the late Roman Republic. The area gained prominence after the election of Pope Clement VIII in 1592 when his nephew Cardinal Pietro Aldobrandini construced his Villa Belvedere in the Roman Baroque manner on the slope of the Alban hills. The construction of the Villa Belvedere brought to an end the first major phase of villa construction, which had also included the Villa Mondragone (1565) and the Villa Muti (1579). In the second phase of villa construction, existing layouts were enlarged, and in the third and final phase, such gardens as the Villa Torlonia (1720) and the Villa Falconieri (1724\u201329) were adapted to the current taste. Because of the steep slope into which the villas were built, the villa and garden had to be carved into the hillside. The resulting plateaus supported by semicircular retaining walls lent themselves to the construction of water theaters at the end of steep cascades, features included in many of the Frascati villas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7819 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Villa Arconati (Castellazzo)<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:49:41+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7819\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7819\" href=\"#collapse-1-7819\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Villa Arconati (Castellazzo)<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7819\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7819\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-9 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-9 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~4160~100445:Villa-Arconati--complex-?qvq=q:ReproSubjectDescription%3Dvilla%20arconati%20;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=4&amp;trs=30\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Villa Arconati\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"331\" alt=\"A tree-lined pathway forming a green tunnel with arched branches overhead; trimmed hedges on each side border the trees with trees beyond. Fallen leaves are scattered on the grass, suggesting early autumn.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Arconati.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Arconati-400x331.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7964\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Arconati-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Arconati-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Arconati-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Arconati-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Villa-Arconati.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color6);border-color:var(--awb-color6);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-34 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=ReproSubjectDescription=villa%20arconati%20LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;sort=null\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/catena.bgc.bard.edu\/castellazzo\/text.htm\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-35 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><\/a><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/villa-arconati-nterpretive-text-cloned\/\">Interpretive Text<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/catena.bgc.bard.edu\/bibliography.htm#lombard\"><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-36 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><\/a><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Date:<\/strong> 1627<br \/>\n<strong>Patron:<\/strong> Count Galeazo Arconati, 1592\u20131648<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe \u2014 Italy \u2014 Lombardia \u2014 Castellazzo di Bollate<\/p>\n<p>The Villa Arconati, which was depicted in Volume 2 of Marc\u2019Antonio Dal Re\u2019s <em>Ville di delizie<\/em> of 1743, is located in the Lombard town of Castellazzo di Bollate and was built for the Arconati family, whose role was not limited to patronage and extended into design. The u-shaped villa, whose furnishings were among the grandest of the Lombard villas, was set in elaborate Baroque gardens that included elaborate parterres, a menagerie, and hornbeam hedges clipped in the form of a garden theater.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default fusion-faq-post fusion-faq-post-7821 featured-sites \"><span class=\"entry-title rich-snippet-hidden\">Heemstede<\/span><span class=\"vcard rich-snippet-hidden\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/author\/admin\/\" rel=\"author\">admin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated rich-snippet-hidden\">2025-06-11T15:51:09+00:00<\/span><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h3 id=\"faq_1-7821\" class=\"panel-title toggle\"><a data-toggle=\"collapse\" class=\"collapsed\" data-parent=\"#accordian-1\" data-target=\"#collapse-1-7821\" href=\"#collapse-1-7821\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-main\"><div class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper-sub\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">Heemstede<\/div><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div id=\"collapse-1-7821\" aria-labelledby=\"faq_1-7821\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content post-content\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1-10 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:30px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-color:rgba(234,230,213,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(234,230,213,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element\" style=\"--awb-margin-bottom:20px;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-10 hover-type-none\"><a class=\"fusion-no-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/BardBar~1~1~5735~101149:-General-view-of-the-estate-of-Heem?qvq=q:ReproSubjectDescription%3Dheemstede%20;lc:BardBar~1~1&amp;mi=0&amp;trs=25\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Heemstede\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"497\" alt=\"An aerial view illustration of a grand formal garden with geometric paths, hedges, trees, fountains, and a large manor house at its center, surrounded by vast, symmetrical landscaped grounds.\" src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Heemstede.jpg\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Heemstede-600x497.jpg\" class=\"lazyload img-responsive wp-image-7838\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20990%20820%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27990%27%20height%3D%27820%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Heemstede-200x166.jpg 200w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Heemstede-400x331.jpg 400w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Heemstede-600x497.jpg 600w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Heemstede-800x663.jpg 800w, https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/files\/2025\/02\/Heemstede.jpg 990w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;--awb-sep-color:var(--awb-color3);border-color:var(--awb-color3);border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\" style=\"--awb-font-size:14px;\"><p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-37 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lunacommons.org\/luna\/servlet\/view\/search?q=ReproSubjectDescription=heemstede+LIMIT:BardBar~1~1&amp;pgs=50&amp;res=0&amp;cic=BardBar~1~1'\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open images in Luna Commons<\/a><\/p>\n<p><div class=\"fusion-fa-align-left\"><i class=\"fb-icon-element-38 fb-icon-element fontawesome-icon fa-leaf fas circle-no\" style=\"--awb-iconcolor:var(--awb-color4);--awb-iconcolor-hover:var(--awb-color4);--awb-font-size:14px;--awb-margin-right:7px;\"><\/i><\/div><a class=\"greenlink\" href=\"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/bibliography\/\">Bibliography<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:10px;--awb-padding-right:10px;--awb-padding-bottom:10px;--awb-padding-left:40px;--awb-bg-color:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-color-hover:rgba(185,196,149,0);--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:var(--awb-color6);--awb-border-left:2px;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-flex-grow:0;--awb-flex-shrink:0;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-flex-grow-medium:;--awb-flex-shrink-medium:;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-flex-grow-small:;--awb-flex-shrink-small:;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><p class=\"browsersub\"><strong>Dates:<\/strong> 1680-1705<br \/>\n<strong>Patron:<\/strong> Diderick van Velthuysen (1651-1716)<br \/>\n<strong>Location:<\/strong> Europe &#8212; Netherlands &#8212; Utrecht<\/p>\n<p>The house and gardens at Heemstede were originally built in 1645 and purchased by Diderick van Velthuysen (1651-1716) in 1680. At that time the garden was redesigned to demonstrate Van Velthuysen&#8217;s loyalty to the house of Orange Nassau. The long, narrow, rectangular garden is laid out symmetrically along a main axis running east and west, and it is traversed by paths and canals. Also includesd are parterres de broderie decorated with statues and fountains, a triumphal arch leading from the parterres to the orangery, a vegetable garden, a grotto, and a network of berceux. The house was almost completely destroyed by fire in 1987 and the gardens have been greatly changed. The garden may be seen here in a sequence of prints after Isaac de Moucheron.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7775","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7775","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7775"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7775\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8956,"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7775\/revisions\/8956"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/exhibitions.bgc.bard.edu\/catena\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7775"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}